[1] Installing Slackware on Logical volumes
[2] Logical volume management
Presupunem urmatorul scenariu: ati instalat Linux si dupa un timp, hard-disk-ul s-a umplut. Doriti sa puteti adauga fara probleme un nou hardisk si sa il adaugati la unul dintre directoarele existente; un exemplu foarte frecvent este acela in care aveti o partitie a hard-disk-ului montata pe sistemul de fisiere /home.
Ca sa puteti realiza aceasta sarcina trebuie sa utilizati LVM. Nu este posibila adaugarea de noi partitii (nou spatiu), la unul din directoarele existente (/, /home etc), fara utilizarea LVM. Iata exemplul concret - poate fi usor adaptat la nevoile si cerintele voastre, daca l-ati inteles si ati mai si citit documentatia indicata:
sh-4.2$ su -
Password:
root@yeti:~# mkdir LVM-test
root@yeti:~# cd LVM-test/
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# dd if=/dev/urandom of=lvm.test1 bs=1k count=20480
20480+0 records in
20480+0 records out
20971520 bytes (21 MB) copied, 3.22633 s, 6.5 MB/s
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# losetup -f --show lvm.test1
/dev/loop0
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# fdisk /dev/loop0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.21.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x63fcbdb7.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop0: 20 MB, 20971520 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2 cylinders, total 40960 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x63fcbdb7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-40959, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-40959, default 40959):
Using default value 40959
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 19 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop0: 20 MB, 20971520 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2 cylinders, total 40960 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x63fcbdb7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/loop0p1 2048 40959 19456 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): L
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e
Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/loop0: 20 MB, 20971520 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2 cylinders, total 40960 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x63fcbdb7
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/loop0p1 2048 40959 19456 8e Linux LVM
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 22: Invalid argument.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# pvcreate /dev/loop0
Physical volume "/dev/loop0" successfully created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# vgcreate vg-test /dev/loop0
Volume group "vg-test" successfully created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvcreate -L 4M -n discul1 vg-test
Logical volume "discul1" created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n discul2 vg-test
Logical volume "discul2" created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg-test/discul1
LV Name discul1
VG Name vg-test
LV UUID iYp3EO-ygAm-D0a3-Qfaq-GPOc-GDAy-Hcyri2
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time yeti, 2012-11-01 15:52:09 +0200
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 4.00 MiB
Current LE 1
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg-test/discul2
LV Name discul2
VG Name vg-test
LV UUID NiyOd1-15eW-nn7d-ksZq-Fe5r-46pT-rW18j6
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time yeti, 2012-11-01 15:53:49 +0200
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 12.00 MiB
Current LE 3
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vg-test
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 16.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4
Alloc PE / Size 4 / 16.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID Ill8va-3lTi-3PwF-e80d-czg7-YjZw-AQDWjD
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/loop0
VG Name vg-test
PV Size 20.00 MiB / not usable 4.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 4
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 4
PV UUID lBPYko-wmlj-eg9B-slbh-Iwr9-ODBv-Z9YnRT
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mkfs.ext3 -m 0 /dev/vg-test/discul1
mke2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1024 inodes, 4096 blocks
0 blocks (0.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=4194304
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1024 inodes per group
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# tune2fs -i 0 /dev/vg-test/discul1
tune2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Setting interval between checks to 0 seconds
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mkfs.ext3 -m 0 /dev/vg-test/discul2
mke2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
3072 inodes, 12288 blocks
0 blocks (0.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=12582912
2 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1536 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# tune2fs -i 0 /dev/vg-test/discul2
tune2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Setting interval between checks to 0 seconds
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mount /dev/vg-test/discul1 /mnt/LVM/disc1/ -t ext3 -o rw
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mount /dev/vg-test/discul2 /mnt/LVM/disc2/ -t ext3 -o rw
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mount
/dev/root on / type ext4 (rw,commit=0)
proc on /proc type proc (rw)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw)
/dev/sda1 on /mnt/WindowsXP type fuseblk (rw,allow_other,blksize=4096,default_permissions)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/sdb5 on /mnt/E type fuseblk (rw,allow_other,blksize=4096,default_permissions)
gvfs-fuse-daemon on /home/tri/.gvfs type fuse.gvfs-fuse-daemon (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=tri)
/dev/mapper/vg--test-discul1 on /mnt/LVM/disc1 type ext3 (rw)
/dev/mapper/vg--test-discul2 on /mnt/LVM/disc2 type ext3 (rw)
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# echo "scriem intr-un fisier" > /mnt/LVM/disc2/fisier
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# dd if=/dev/urandom of=lvm.test2 bs=1k count=30960
30960+0 records in
30960+0 records out
31703040 bytes (32 MB) copied, 4.86575 s, 6.5 MB/s
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# losetup -f --show lvm.test2
/dev/loop1
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# mkfs.ext3 -m 0 /dev/loop1
mke2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Discarding device blocks: done
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
7744 inodes, 30960 blocks
0 blocks (0.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=31719424
4 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1936 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193, 24577
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# tune2fs -i 0 /dev/loop1
tune2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Setting interval between checks to 0 seconds
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# pvcreate /dev/loop1
Physical volume "/dev/loop1" successfully created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# vgextend vg-test /dev/loop1
Volume group "vg-test" successfully extended
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name vg-test
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 4
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 2
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 44.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 11
Alloc PE / Size 4 / 16.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 7 / 28.00 MiB
VG UUID Ill8va-3lTi-3PwF-e80d-czg7-YjZw-AQDWjD
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# df -h /mnt/LVM/disc1/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg--test-discul1 3.9M 1.1M 2.9M 27% /mnt/LVM/disc1
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# df -h /mnt/LVM/disc2/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg--test-discul2 12M 1.2M 11M 10% /mnt/LVM/disc2
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvextend -L +4 /dev/vg-test/discul2 /dev/loop1
Extending logical volume discul2 to 16.00 MiB
Logical volume discul2 successfully resized
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# resize2fs /dev/vg-test/discul2
resize2fs 1.42.6 (21-Sep-2012)
Filesystem at /dev/vg-test/discul2 is mounted on /mnt/LVM/disc2; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg-test/discul2 to 16384 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg-test/discul2 is now 16384 blocks long.
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# df -h /mnt/LVM/disc2/
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg--test-discul2 16M 1.2M 15M 8% /mnt/LVM/disc2
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# ls -l /mnt/LVM/disc2/
total 13
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 47 Nov 1 15:59 fisier
drwx------ 2 root root 12288 Nov 1 15:57 lost+found/
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n discul3 vg-test
Logical volume "discul3" created
root@yeti:~/LVM-test# lvdisplay
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg-test/discul1
LV Name discul1
VG Name vg-test
LV UUID iYp3EO-ygAm-D0a3-Qfaq-GPOc-GDAy-Hcyri2
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time yeti, 2012-11-01 15:52:09 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 4.00 MiB
Current LE 1
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:0
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg-test/discul2
LV Name discul2
VG Name vg-test
LV UUID NiyOd1-15eW-nn7d-ksZq-Fe5r-46pT-rW18j6libe
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time yeti, 2012-11-01 15:53:49 +0200
LV Status available
# open 1
LV Size 16.00 MiB
Current LE 4
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:1
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/vg-test/discul3
LV Name discul3
VG Name vg-test
LV UUID qACskv-Xkm1-3KiZ-R8QX-tw9c-vuV5-UDL5lH
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time yeti, 2012-11-01 16:11:51 +0200
LV Status available
# open 0
LV Size 24.00 MiB
Current LE 6
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
- currently set to 256
Block device 253:2
root@yeti:~/LVM-test#
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O comanda cheie este resize2fs, care utilizata corespunzator extinde sistemul de fisiere ext3 la noua dimensiune extinsa cu lvextend.
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